天生麗質、光彩難掩:多才多藝的小提琴家杜埃尼亞斯

  在當今古典音樂界,新生代小提琴家不乏技巧高超者,但能夠在技巧與藝術表達之間取得細膩平衡的,仍屬少數。來自西班牙的瑪麗亞・杜埃尼亞斯(María Dueñas)正是一位備受矚目的年輕音樂家,她的音樂旅程不僅展現她個人的卓越才華,也呈現她如何努力探索透過音樂傳達個人情感與思考。

  杜埃尼亞斯二○○二年生於西班牙南部城市格拉納達(Granada),父親是民防衛隊成員,母親則是小學教師。雖然父母都非專業音樂家,但是母親對古典音樂的熱愛深深影響了她。從胎教到日常生活,家中時常洋溢著音樂的氛圍,父母還會帶著年幼的孩子參加音樂會。當母親因個人興趣開始學習小提琴的時候,為了不讓陪課的長女瑪麗亞感到無聊,也特地為她準備一把小提琴。沒想到女兒玩出興趣,母親於是放下樂器,轉而全力支持女兒的音樂學習。


  杜埃尼亞斯七歲進入格拉納達的巴利奧斯音樂學校(Conservatorio Ángel Barrios)學習小提琴,進度神速,不到八歲就跳過西班牙音樂教育體系中的初級學位(Grado Elemental)課程,直接進入通常十二歲才開始就讀的六年專業學位(Grado Profesional)。可以預見的是,如果她在十四歲完成課程,將面臨在十八歲可報考高級學位(Grado Superior)的法定年齡前,出現長達四年無校可讀的空檔,而家中經濟無力負擔這段期間的私人師資。向相關單位陳情未果,為了女兒的音樂教育,也為了同樣懷抱音樂夢想的兩個妹妹,不希望家庭分離的父母最終決定舉家移民。

  機會出現在杜埃尼亞斯十一歲那年,她贏得馬德里青年音樂協會(Juventudes Musicales de Madrid)獎學金,可以前往德國德勒斯登留學,於是全家從格拉納達搬到德勒斯登。面對語言隔閡與生活適應的挑戰,杜埃尼亞斯坦言那段日子彷彿一切「從負數開始」,但是全家人毫無怨言,共同努力適應環境。杜埃尼亞斯進入德勒斯登的韋伯音樂學院(Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden),師從伊格爾‧奧伊斯特拉赫(Igor Oistrakh)。兩年後,她為了投入烏克蘭裔奧地利小提琴家暨教育家庫什尼爾(Boris Kuschnir)門下,全家再次遷居至維也納。


  在維也納求學期間,杜埃尼亞斯開始積極參與音樂比賽,包括在珠海莫札特國際青少年音樂周(Zhuhai International Mozart Competition for Young Musicians)小提琴B組、史畢瓦科夫國際小提琴大賽(Vladimir Spivakov International Violin Competition),以及曼紐因國際小提琴大賽青年組等比賽中奪得首獎。雖然參加史畢瓦科夫國際小提琴大賽是二○一八年,但是杜埃尼亞斯在五年前就結識史畢瓦科夫。十一歲那一年,母親把她的演奏影片寄給史畢瓦科夫,杜埃尼亞斯立刻受邀在「莫斯科迎接朋友」國際音樂節(Международный фестиваль «Москва встречает друзей»)上演出。除此之外,史畢瓦科夫還向老朋友庫什尼爾推薦杜埃尼亞斯,成為日後她轉向維也納求學的關鍵。

  透過比賽提高曝光度,杜埃尼亞斯的演出場次逐漸增加,二○二二年與DG簽約,次年出版第一張專輯。這張專輯最特別的,就是以貝多芬小提琴協奏曲為主軸,另外錄製十九到二十世紀五位作曲家或演奏者為第一樂章編寫的裝飾奏。至於和協奏曲本身搭配的,是杜埃尼亞斯自己編寫的裝飾奏。雖然沒有正式學習作曲,但是透過直覺和自學,杜埃尼亞斯十三歲寫過一首鋼琴獨奏曲《告別》(Farewell)。二○一八年參加史畢瓦科夫國際小提琴大賽時,第一輪曲目的莫札特第四號小提琴協奏曲第一樂章也是採用自己譜寫的裝飾奏。
  第二張專輯《隨想曲》則更進一步體現她的藝術理念。專輯雖然以帕格尼尼為小提琴而寫的二十四首隨想曲為重心,但是杜埃尼亞斯並未以此作為炫技展演,反而強調"capricho"一詞在西班牙語中所涵蓋的衝動、自由與幻想性,賦予作品更多情感層次與藝術性格的探索。所以在帕格尼尼的作品之外,她也演奏一系列受帕格尼尼影響的隨想曲作品,像是克萊斯勒《宣敘調與隨想詼諧曲》(Recitative and Scherzo Caprice)與《維也納隨想曲》(Caprice viennois)、加泰隆尼亞作曲家塞韋洛(Jordi Cervello)為杜埃尼亞斯而寫的《米爾斯坦隨想曲》(Milstein Caprice)、薩拉沙泰《巴斯克隨想曲》(Caprice Basque)、墨西哥作曲家加布里埃拉‧奧爾提斯(Gabriela Ortíz)《弦與木》(De cuerda y madera)、聖桑《安達魯西亞隨想曲》(Caprice andalou)、《序奏與輪旋隨想曲》(Introduction and Rondo capriccioso)以及白遼士《沉思與隨想》(Rêverie et caprice)。而與杜埃尼亞斯合作維尼奧夫斯基雙小提琴隨想練習曲(Études-Caprices for 2 Violins)的小提琴家,正是她在維也納的老師庫什尼爾。
  雖然帕格尼尼仍是整張唱片的核心,杜埃尼亞斯的整體表現也兼具了技術精準和表情的戲劇性,成功把技巧轉化為讓音樂唱歌的工具,而不是繁複聲響的堆積,但是我更偏愛她在帕格尼尼作品以外音樂表現出來的豐富音色與表情,以及詮釋的細緻層次感。以著名的《序奏與輪旋隨想曲》為例,杜埃尼亞斯把一開始的兩個樂句唱得婉轉細膩卻又不顯得濃妝艷抹,展現她對音樂結構和層次的清楚理解,掌控得恰如其分。
  杜埃尼亞斯也積極透過其他媒介探索音樂表達。疫情期間,她把鋼琴曲《告別》製作成影片。這首曲子描寫的是全家移民德國,告別西班牙時的惆悵,以及迎接新文化與新生活的期待。影片中的杜埃尼亞斯隨著音樂慢慢走向湖邊,畫面帶有詩意與讓人深省的意涵。結合音樂與影像傳遞內心感受,顯示除了聲音之外,她對處理視覺意象、肢體語言也同樣具有敏銳的能力。

  二○二四年,杜埃尼亞斯參與加拿大導演博赫丹諾維奇(Sofia Bohdanowicz)所執導的電影《Measures for a Funeral》,飾演小提琴家Elisa。這部作品藉由一位音樂學者的視角,探索加拿大女小提琴家凱瑟琳·帕洛(Kathleen Parlow, 1890-1963)的生平及其對後世的影響。杜埃尼亞斯不僅擔綱演出,最後還和內澤特─塞甘(Yannick Nézet-Séguin)、蒙特利爾大都會管弦樂團(Orchestre Métropolitain de Montréal)一同演出挪威作曲家哈佛森(Johan Halvorsen)為凱瑟琳·帕洛而寫的小提琴協奏曲,成為整部電影的高潮和藝術意涵的總結。

  從西班牙南方城市出發,經歷跨國求學與文化適應的挑戰,瑪麗亞・杜埃尼亞斯以過人的努力與才華,逐步在國際古典樂壇嶄露頭角。她不僅是技巧純熟的小提琴家,更展現出對創作與跨領域藝術實踐的寬廣才華,而表現也極其亮眼。杜埃尼亞斯的《隨想曲》專輯,不僅向聽眾完美示現帕格尼尼超技的光芒,更看見一位年輕藝術家對自由、夢想與情感的個人演繹,讓人為她日後的藝術發展,留下更多值得期待的篇章。

In today's classical music world, many young violinists display stunning technique. But few achieve a deep balance between skill and emotional expression. María Dueñas, a rising star from Spain, is one of those rare artists.

Born in 2002 in Granada, Spain, María grew up in a non-musical family—her father worked in civil defense, her mother was a schoolteacher—but her mother's love for classical music deeply influenced her. María began playing the violin at a very young age, initially just to accompany her mother's lessons. However, her talent soon became clear, and her mother gave up playing to support María's musical training.

By the age of seven, María was studying at the Conservatorio Ángel Barrios in Granada. She progressed so quickly that she skipped grades and completed professional-level studies years ahead of schedule. Faced with limited options in Spain for further study and lacking the means for private tuition, her family decided to move abroad to support her education.

At age eleven, María won a scholarship from Juventudes Musicales de Madrid and moved with her family to Dresden, Germany. There she studied under Igor Oistrakh at the Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden. Two years later, she relocated again—this time to Vienna—to study with Boris Kuschnir, a respected violinist and teacher.

During her time in Vienna, María began to win several major international competitions, including in Zhuhai, Ufa, and the Menuhin Competition. One of her earliest supporters was conductor Vladimir Spivakov, who invited her to perform in Moscow and recommended her to Kuschnir. These experiences helped build her visibility and opened new doors.

In 2022, María signed with Deutsche Grammophon and released her debut album the following year. The album centers on Beethoven's Violin Concerto, featuring cadenza variations by five different composers, as well as a cadenza she wrote herself. Although she has no formal training in composition, María began composing at age 13 and uses her musical intuition to shape her artistic voice.

Her second album highlights her vision even more. While based on Paganini's 24 Caprices, María explores the Spanish meaning of "capricho"—impulse, fantasy, freedom. She includes works by composers inspired by Paganini, such as Kreisler, Saint-Saëns, and Sarasate, as well as a new piece written for her by Catalan composer Joan Valent Severo. Her teacher Kuschnir joins her in Wieniawski's piece for two violins. While Paganini's virtuosity is central, María's performance emphasizes musical depth and storytelling over mere technical showmanship.

She also expresses herself through other media. During the pandemic, she created a short film around her piano composition "Farewell", reflecting on her family's emotional move from Spain to Germany. In 2024, she acted in the film "Measures for a Funeral" by Canadian director Sofia Bohdanowicz, portraying violinist Elisa. The film explores the life and legacy of Canadian violinist Kathleen Parlow, and María performs in the film's climactic concert scene.

From a young girl in Granada to a global stage, María Dueñas has shown not only great talent, but a deep commitment to emotional honesty, artistic exploration, and cross-disciplinary expression. Her work points to a future rich with promise—for her, and for the art of music itself.

*This English version is a concise summary of the original Chinese article.*
PAGANINI 24 Caprices for Violin Solo op. 1  
María Dueñas (violin)
Pfaffendorf, Austria, 9 & 12/2023, 1–6 & 8–9/2024

DE SARASATE Caprice basque op. 24 (for violin and piano)
María Dueñas (violin), Itamar Golan (piano)
Pfaffendorf, Austria, 9/2023

KREISLER Recitativo & Scherzo-Caprice op. 6 (for violin solo)
KREISLER Caprice viennois op. 2 (arr. for violin and guitar by Antoine Fougeray)
María Dueñas (violin), Raphaël Feuillâtre (guitar, for Caprice viennois)
Pfaffendorf, Austria, 12/2023 & 5/2024

CERVELLÓ Milstein Caprice (for violin solo)
María Dueñas (violin)
Pfaffendorf, Austria, 9/2024

WIENIAWSKI Étude-Caprice in E flat major op. 18/2 (for 2 violins)
María Dueñas (violin), Boris Kuschnir (violin)
Pfaffendorf, Austria, 12/2023

ORTIZ De cuerda y madera (Capriccio for violin and piano, World premiere recording)
María Dueñas (violin), Alexander Malofeev (piano)
Pfaffendorf, Austria, 9/2024

SAINT-SAËNS Caprice andalous op. 122 (for violin and orchestra)
María Dueñas (violin), Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Mihhail Gerts (conductor)
Berlin, Teldex Studio, 6/2024

BERLIOZ Rêverie & Caprice op. 8 (for violin and orchestra)
María Dueñas (violin), Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Mihhail Gerts (conductor)
Berlin, Teldex Studio, 6/2024

SAINT-SAËNS Introduction & Rondo capriccioso op. 28 (for violin and orchestra)
María Dueñas (violin), Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Mihhail Gerts (conductor)
Berlin, Teldex Studio, 6/2024

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